RFC3557 日本語訳
3557 RTP Payload Format for European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) European Standard ES 201 108 Distributed SpeechRecognition Encoding. Q. Xie, Ed.. July 2003. (Format: TXT=29692 bytes) (Status: PROPOSED STANDARD)
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英語原文
Network Working Group Q. Xie, Ed. Request for Comments: 3557 Motorola, Inc. Category: Standards Track July 2003
Network Working Group Q. Xie, Ed. Request for Comments: 3557 Motorola, Inc. Category: Standards Track July 2003
RTP Payload Format for
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) European Standard
ES 201 108 Distributed Speech Recognition Encoding
RTP Payload Format for European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) European Standard ES 201 108 Distributed Speech Recognition Encoding
Status of this Memo
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
Abstract
This document specifies an RTP payload format for encapsulating European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) European Standard (ES) 201 108 front-end signal processing feature streams for distributed speech recognition (DSR) systems.
This document specifies an RTP payload format for encapsulating European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) European Standard (ES) 201 108 front-end signal processing feature streams for distributed speech recognition (DSR) systems.
Xie Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Xie Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1. Conventions and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1. ETSI ES 201 108 DSR Front-end Codec. . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Typical Scenarios for Using DSR Payload Format . . . . . 4
3. ES 201 108 DSR RTP Payload Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Consideration on Number of FPs in Each RTP Packet. . . . 6
3.2. Support for Discontinuous Transmission . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Frame Pair Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. Format of Speech and Non-speech FPs. . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Format of Null FP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3. RTP header usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. IANA Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1. Mapping MIME Parameters into SDP . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10. IPR Notices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
11. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
12. Editor's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
13. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Conventions and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.1. ETSI ES 201 108 DSR Front-end Codec. . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2. Typical Scenarios for Using DSR Payload Format . . . . . 4 3. ES 201 108 DSR RTP Payload Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1. Consideration on Number of FPs in Each RTP Packet. . . . 6 3.2. Support for Discontinuous Transmission . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Frame Pair Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1. Format of Speech and Non-speech FPs. . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.2. Format of Null FP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.3. RTP header usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. IANA Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.1. Mapping MIME Parameters into SDP . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 7. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8. Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10. IPR Notices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 11. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12. Editor's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 13. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Conventions and Acronyms
1. Conventions and Acronyms
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
The following acronyms are used in this document:
The following acronyms are used in this document:
DSR - Distributed Speech Recognition
DSR - Distributed Speech Recognition
ETSI - the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI - the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FP - Frame Pair
FP - Frame Pair
DTX - Discontinuous Transmission
DTX - Discontinuous Transmission
2. Introduction
2. Introduction
Motivated by technology advances in the field of speech recognition, voice interfaces to services (such as airline information systems, unified messaging) are becoming more prevalent. In parallel, the popularity of mobile devices has also increased dramatically.
Motivated by technology advances in the field of speech recognition, voice interfaces to services (such as airline information systems, unified messaging) are becoming more prevalent. In parallel, the popularity of mobile devices has also increased dramatically.
Xie Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Xie Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
However, the voice codecs typically employed in mobile devices were designed to optimize audible voice quality and not speech recognition accuracy, and using these codecs with speech recognizers can result in poor recognition performance. For systems that can be accessed from heterogeneous networks using multiple speech codecs, recognition system designers are further challenged to accommodate the characteristics of these differences in a robust manner. Channel errors and lost data packets in these networks result in further degradation of the speech signal.
However, the voice codecs typically employed in mobile devices were designed to optimize audible voice quality and not speech recognition accuracy, and using these codecs with speech recognizers can result in poor recognition performance. For systems that can be accessed from heterogeneous networks using multiple speech codecs, recognition system designers are further challenged to accommodate the characteristics of these differences in a robust manner. Channel errors and lost data packets in these networks result in further degradation of the speech signal.
In traditional systems as described above, the entire speech recognizer lies on the server. It is forced to use incoming speech in whatever condition it arrives after the network decodes the vocoded speech. To address this problem, we use a distributed speech recognition (DSR) architecture. In such a system, the remote device acts as a thin client, also known as the front-end, in communication with a speech recognition server, also called a speech engine. The remote device processes the speech, compresses the data, and adds error protection to the bitstream in a manner optimal for speech recognition. The speech engine then uses this representation directly, minimizing the signal processing necessary and benefiting from enhanced error concealment.
In traditional systems as described above, the entire speech recognizer lies on the server. It is forced to use incoming speech in whatever condition it arrives after the network decodes the vocoded speech. To address this problem, we use a distributed speech recognition (DSR) architecture. In such a system, the remote device acts as a thin client, also known as the front-end, in communication with a speech recognition server, also called a speech engine. The remote device processes the speech, compresses the data, and adds error protection to the bitstream in a manner optimal for speech recognition. The speech engine then uses this representation directly, minimizing the signal processing necessary and benefiting from enhanced error concealment.
To achieve interoperability with different client devices and speech engines, a common format is needed. Within the "Aurora" DSR working group of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), a payload has been defined and was published as a standard [ES201108] in February 2000.
To achieve interoperability with different client devices and speech engines, a common format is needed. Within the "Aurora" DSR working group of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), a payload has been defined and was published as a standard [ES201108] in February 2000.
For voice dialogues between a caller and a voice service, low latency is a high priority along with accurate speech recognition. While jitter in the speech recognizer input is not particularly important, many issues related to speech interaction over an IP-based connection are still relevant. Therefore, it is desirable to use the DSR payload in an RTP-based session.
For voice dialogues between a caller and a voice service, low latency is a high priority along with accurate speech recognition. While jitter in the speech recognizer input is not particularly important, many issues related to speech interaction over an IP-based connection are still relevant. Therefore, it is desirable to use the DSR payload in an RTP-based session.
2.1 ETSI ES 201 108 DSR Front-end Codec
2.1 ETSI ES 201 108 DSR Front-end Codec
The ETSI Standard ES 201 108 for DSR [ES201108] defines a signal processing front-end and compression scheme for speech input to a speech recognition system. Some relevant characteristics of this ETSI DSR front-end codec are summarized below.
The ETSI Standard ES 201 108 for DSR [ES201108] defines a signal processing front-end and compression scheme for speech input to a speech recognition system. Some relevant characteristics of this ETSI DSR front-end codec are summarized below.
The coding algorithm, a standard mel-cepstral technique common to many speech recognition systems, supports three raw sampling rates: 8 kHz, 11 kHz, and 16 kHz. The mel-cepstral calculation is a frame- based scheme that produces an output vector every 10 ms.
The coding algorithm, a standard mel-cepstral technique common to many speech recognition systems, supports three raw sampling rates: 8 kHz, 11 kHz, and 16 kHz. The mel-cepstral calculation is a frame- based scheme that produces an output vector every 10 ms.
Xie Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Xie Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
After calculation of the mel-cepstral representation, the representation is first quantized via split-vector quantization to reduce the data rate of the encoded stream. Then, the quantized vectors from two consecutive frames are put into an FP, as described in more detail in Section 4.1.
After calculation of the mel-cepstral representation, the representation is first quantized via split-vector quantization to reduce the data rate of the encoded stream. Then, the quantized vectors from two consecutive frames are put into an FP, as described in more detail in Section 4.1.
2.2 Typical Scenarios for Using DSR Payload Format
2.2 Typical Scenarios for Using DSR Payload Format
The diagrams in Figure 1 show some typical use scenarios of the ES 201 108 DSR RTP payload format.
The diagrams in Figure 1 show some typical use scenarios of the ES 201 108 DSR RTP payload format.
+--------+ +----------+ |IP USER | IP/UDP/RTP/DSR |IP SPEECH | |TERMINAL|-------------------->| ENGINE | | | | | +--------+ +----------+
+--------+ +----------+ |IP USER | IP/UDP/RTP/DSR |IP SPEECH | |TERMINAL|-------------------->| ENGINE | | | | | +--------+ +----------+
a) IP user terminal to IP speech engine
a) IP user terminal to IP speech engine
+--------+ DSR over +-------+ +----------+ | Non-IP | Circuit link | | IP/UDP/RTP/DSR |IP SPEECH | | USER |:::::::::::::::>|GATEWAY|--------------->| ENGINE | |TERMINAL| ETSI payload | | | | +--------+ format +-------+ +----------+
+--------+ DSR over +-------+ +----------+ | Non-IP | Circuit link | | IP/UDP/RTP/DSR |IP SPEECH | | USER |:::::::::::::::>|GATEWAY|--------------->| ENGINE | |TERMINAL| ETSI payload | | | | +--------+ format +-------+ +----------+
b) non-IP user terminal to IP speech engine via a gateway
b) non-IP user terminal to IP speech engine via a gateway
+--------+ +-------+ DSR over +----------+ |IP USER | IP/UDP/RTP/DSR | | circuit link | Non-IP | |TERMINAL|----------------->|GATEWAY|::::::::::::::::>| SPEECH | | | | | ETSI payload | ENGINE | +--------+ +-------+ format +----------+
+--------+ +-------+ DSR over +----------+ |IP USER | IP/UDP/RTP/DSR | | circuit link | Non-IP | |TERMINAL|----------------->|GATEWAY|::::::::::::::::>| SPEECH | | | | | ETSI payload | ENGINE | +--------+ +-------+ format +----------+
c) IP user terminal to non-IP speech engine via a gateway
c) IP user terminal to non-IP speech engine via a gateway
Figure 1: Typical Scenarios for Using DSR Payload Format.
Figure 1: Typical Scenarios for Using DSR Payload Format.
For the different scenarios in Figure 1, the speech recognizer always resides in the speech engine. A DSR front-end encoder inside the User Terminal performs front-end speech processing and sends the resultant data to the speech engine in the form of "frame pairs" (FPs). Each FP contains two sets of encoded speech vectors representing 20ms of original speech.
For the different scenarios in Figure 1, the speech recognizer always resides in the speech engine. A DSR front-end encoder inside the User Terminal performs front-end speech processing and sends the resultant data to the speech engine in the form of "frame pairs" (FPs). Each FP contains two sets of encoded speech vectors representing 20ms of original speech.
Xie Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Xie Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
3. ES 201 108 DSR RTP Payload Format
3. ES 201 108 DSR RTP Payload Format
An ES 201 108 DSR RTP payload datagram consists of a standard RTP header [RFC3550] followed by a DSR payload. The DSR payload itself is formed by concatenating a series of ES 201 108 DSR FPs (defined in Section 4).
An ES 201 108 DSR RTP payload datagram consists of a standard RTP header [RFC3550] followed by a DSR payload. The DSR payload itself is formed by concatenating a series of ES 201 108 DSR FPs (defined in Section 4).
FPs are always packed bit-contiguously into the payload octets beginning with the most significant bit. For ES 201 108 front-end, the size of each FP is 96 bits or 12 octets (see Sections 4.1 and 4.2). This ensures that a DSR payload will always end on an octet boundary.
FPs are always packed bit-contiguously into the payload octets beginning with the most significant bit. For ES 201 108 front-end, the size of each FP is 96 bits or 12 octets (see Sections 4.1 and 4.2). This ensures that a DSR payload will always end on an octet boundary.
The following example shows a DSR RTP datagram carrying a DSR payload containing three 96-bit-long FPs (bit 0 is the MSB):
The following example shows a DSR RTP datagram carrying a DSR payload containing three 96-bit-long FPs (bit 0 is the MSB):
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
\ \
/ RTP header in [RFC3550] /
\ \
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| |
+ +
| FP #1 (96 bits) |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| FP #2 (96 bits) |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| FP #3 (96 bits) |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ \ \ / RTP header in [RFC3550] / \ \ +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+ | | + + | FP #1 (96 bits) | + + | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | + + | FP #2 (96 bits) | + + | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | + + | FP #3 (96 bits) | + + | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2. An example of an ES 201 108 DSR RTP payload.
Figure 2. An example of an ES 201 108 DSR RTP payload.
Xie Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Xie Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
3.1 Consideration on Number of FPs in Each RTP Packet
3.1 Consideration on Number of FPs in Each RTP Packet
The number of FPs per payload packet should be determined by the latency and bandwidth requirements of the DSR application using this payload format. In particular, using a smaller number of FPs per payload packet in a session will result in lowered bandwidth efficiency due to the RTP/UDP/IP header overhead, while using a larger number of FPs per packet will cause longer end-to-end delay and hence increased recognition latency. Furthermore, carrying a larger number of FPs per packet will increase the possibility of catastrophic packet loss; the loss of a large number of consecutive FPs is a situation most speech recognizers have difficulty dealing with.
The number of FPs per payload packet should be determined by the latency and bandwidth requirements of the DSR application using this payload format. In particular, using a smaller number of FPs per payload packet in a session will result in lowered bandwidth efficiency due to the RTP/UDP/IP header overhead, while using a larger number of FPs per packet will cause longer end-to-end delay and hence increased recognition latency. Furthermore, carrying a larger number of FPs per packet will increase the possibility of catastrophic packet loss; the loss of a large number of consecutive FPs is a situation most speech recognizers have difficulty dealing with.
It is therefore RECOMMENDED that the number of FPs per DSR payload packet be minimized, subject to meeting the application's requirements on network bandwidth efficiency. RTP header compression techniques, such as those defined in [RFC2508] and [RFC3095], should be considered to improve network bandwidth efficiency.
It is therefore RECOMMENDED that the number of FPs per DSR payload packet be minimized, subject to meeting the application's requirements on network bandwidth efficiency. RTP header compression techniques, such as those defined in [RFC2508] and [RFC3095], should be considered to improve network bandwidth efficiency.
3.2 Support for Discontinuous Transmission
3.2 Support for Discontinuous Transmission
The DSR RTP payloads may be used to support discontinuous transmission (DTX) of speech, which allows that DSR FPs are sent only when speech has been detected at the terminal equipment.
The DSR RTP payloads may be used to support discontinuous transmission (DTX) of speech, which allows that DSR FPs are sent only when speech has been detected at the terminal equipment.
In DTX a set of DSR frames coding an unbroken speech segment transmitted from the terminal to the server is called a transmission segment. A DSR frame inside such a transmission segment can be either a speech frame or a non-speech frame, depending on the nature of the section of the speech signal it represents.
In DTX a set of DSR frames coding an unbroken speech segment transmitted from the terminal to the server is called a transmission segment. A DSR frame inside such a transmission segment can be either a speech frame or a non-speech frame, depending on the nature of the section of the speech signal it represents.
The end of a transmission segment is determined at the sending end equipment when the number of consecutive non-speech frames exceeds a pre-set threshold, called the hangover time. A typical value used for the hangover time is 1.5 seconds.
The end of a transmission segment is determined at the sending end equipment when the number of consecutive non-speech frames exceeds a pre-set threshold, called the hangover time. A typical value used for the hangover time is 1.5 seconds.
After all FPs in a transmission segment are sent, the front-end SHOULD indicate the end of the current transmission segment by sending one or more Null FPs (defined in Section 4.2).
After all FPs in a transmission segment are sent, the front-end SHOULD indicate the end of the current transmission segment by sending one or more Null FPs (defined in Section 4.2).
Xie Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Xie Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
4. Frame Pair Formats
4. Frame Pair Formats
4.1 Format of Speech and Non-speech FPs
4.1 Format of Speech and Non-speech FPs
The following mel-cepstral frame MUST be used, as defined in [ES201108]:
The following mel-cepstral frame MUST be used, as defined in [ES201108]:
As defined in [ES201108], pairs of the quantized 10ms mel-cepstral frames MUST be grouped together and protected with a 4-bit CRC, forming a 92-bit long FP:
As defined in [ES201108], pairs of the quantized 10ms mel-cepstral frames MUST be grouped together and protected with a 4-bit CRC, forming a 92-bit long FP:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Frame #1 (44 bits) |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| | Frame #2 (44 bits) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| | CRC |0|0|0|0|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Frame #1 (44 bits) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | Frame #2 (44 bits) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | CRC |0|0|0|0| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The length of each frame is 44 bits representing 10ms of voice. The following mel-cepstral frame formats MUST be used when forming an FP:
The length of each frame is 44 bits representing 10ms of voice. The following mel-cepstral frame formats MUST be used when forming an FP:
Frame #1 in FP:
===============
(MSB) (LSB)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(2,3) | idx(0,1) | Octet 1
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(4,5) | idx(2,3) (cont) : Octet 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| idx(6,7) |idx(4,5)(cont) Octet 3
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
idx(10,11) | idx(8,9) | Octet 4
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(12,13) | idx(10,11) (cont) : Octet 5
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| idx(12,13) (cont) : Octet 6/1
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Frame #1 in FP: =============== (MSB) (LSB) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ : idx(2,3) | idx(0,1) | Octet 1 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ : idx(4,5) | idx(2,3) (cont) : Octet 2 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | idx(6,7) |idx(4,5)(cont) Octet 3 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ idx(10,11) | idx(8,9) | Octet 4 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ : idx(12,13) | idx(10,11) (cont) : Octet 5 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | idx(12,13) (cont) : Octet 6/1 +-----+-----+-----+-----+
Xie Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Xie Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Frame #2 in FP:
===============
(MSB) (LSB)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(0,1) | Octet 6/2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| idx(2,3) |idx(0,1)(cont) Octet 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(6,7) | idx(4,5) | Octet 8
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(8,9) | idx(6,7) (cont) : Octet 9
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| idx(10,11) |idx(8,9)(cont) Octet 10
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| idx(12,13) | Octet 11
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Frame #2 in FP: =============== (MSB) (LSB) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +-----+-----+-----+-----+ : idx(0,1) | Octet 6/2 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | idx(2,3) |idx(0,1)(cont) Octet 7 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ : idx(6,7) | idx(4,5) | Octet 8 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ : idx(8,9) | idx(6,7) (cont) : Octet 9 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | idx(10,11) |idx(8,9)(cont) Octet 10 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | idx(12,13) | Octet 11 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Therefore, each FP represents 20ms of original speech. Note, as shown above, each FP MUST be padded with 4 zeros to the end in order to make it aligned to the 32-bit word boundary. This makes the size of an FP 96 bits, or 12 octets. Note, this padding is separate from padding indicated by the P bit in the RTP header.
Therefore, each FP represents 20ms of original speech. Note, as shown above, each FP MUST be padded with 4 zeros to the end in order to make it aligned to the 32-bit word boundary. This makes the size of an FP 96 bits, or 12 octets. Note, this padding is separate from padding indicated by the P bit in the RTP header.
The 4-bit CRC MUST be calculated using the formula defined in 6.2.4 in [ES201108]. The definition of the indices and the determination of their value are also described in [ES201108].
The 4-bit CRC MUST be calculated using the formula defined in 6.2.4 in [ES201108]. The definition of the indices and the determination of their value are also described in [ES201108].
4.2 Format of Null FP
4.2 Format of Null FP
A Null FP for the ES 201 108 front-end codec is defined by setting the content of the first and second frame in the FP to null (i.e., filling the first 88 bits of the FP with 0's). The 4-bit CRC MUST be calculated the same way as described in 6.2.4 in [ES201108], and 4 zeros MUST be padded to the end of the Null FP to make it 32-bit word aligned.
A Null FP for the ES 201 108 front-end codec is defined by setting the content of the first and second frame in the FP to null (i.e., filling the first 88 bits of the FP with 0's). The 4-bit CRC MUST be calculated the same way as described in 6.2.4 in [ES201108], and 4 zeros MUST be padded to the end of the Null FP to make it 32-bit word aligned.
4.3 RTP header usage
4.3 RTP header usage
The format of the RTP header is specified in [RFC3550]. This payload format uses the fields of the header in a manner consistent with that specification.
The format of the RTP header is specified in [RFC3550]. This payload format uses the fields of the header in a manner consistent with that specification.
The RTP timestamp corresponds to the sampling instant of the first sample encoded for the first FP in the packet. The timestamp clock frequency is the same as the sampling frequency, so the timestamp unit is in samples.
The RTP timestamp corresponds to the sampling instant of the first sample encoded for the first FP in the packet. The timestamp clock frequency is the same as the sampling frequency, so the timestamp unit is in samples.
Xie Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Xie Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
As defined by ES 201 108 front-end codec, the duration of one FP is 20 ms, corresponding to 160, 220, or 320 encoded samples with sampling rate of 8, 11, or 16 kHz being used at the front-end, respectively. Thus, the timestamp is increased by 160, 220, or 320 for each consecutive FP, respectively.
As defined by ES 201 108 front-end codec, the duration of one FP is 20 ms, corresponding to 160, 220, or 320 encoded samples with sampling rate of 8, 11, or 16 kHz being used at the front-end, respectively. Thus, the timestamp is increased by 160, 220, or 320 for each consecutive FP, respectively.
The DSR payload for ES 201 108 front-end codes is always an integral number of octets. If additional padding is required for some other purpose, then the P bit in the RTP in the header may be set and padding appended as specified in [RFC3550].
The DSR payload for ES 201 108 front-end codes is always an integral number of octets. If additional padding is required for some other purpose, then the P bit in the RTP in the header may be set and padding appended as specified in [RFC3550].
The RTP header marker bit (M) should be set following the general rules defined in [RFC3551].
The RTP header marker bit (M) should be set following the general rules defined in [RFC3551].
The assignment of an RTP payload type for this new packet format is outside the scope of this document, and will not be specified here. It is expected that the RTP profile under which this payload format is being used will assign a payload type for this encoding or specify that the payload type is to be bound dynamically.
The assignment of an RTP payload type for this new packet format is outside the scope of this document, and will not be specified here. It is expected that the RTP profile under which this payload format is being used will assign a payload type for this encoding or specify that the payload type is to be bound dynamically.
5. IANA Considerations
5. IANA Considerations
One new MIME subtype registration is required for this payload type, as defined below.
One new MIME subtype registration is required for this payload type, as defined below.
This section also defines the optional parameters that may be used to describe a DSR session. The parameters are defined here as part of the MIME subtype registration. A mapping of the parameters into the Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC2327] is also provided in 5.1 for those applications that use SDP.
This section also defines the optional parameters that may be used to describe a DSR session. The parameters are defined here as part of the MIME subtype registration. A mapping of the parameters into the Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC2327] is also provided in 5.1 for those applications that use SDP.
Media Type name: audio
Media Type name: audio
Media subtype name: dsr-es201108
Media subtype name: dsr-es201108
Required parameters: none
Required parameters: none
Optional parameters:
Optional parameters:
rate: Indicates the sample rate of the speech. Valid values include:
8000, 11000, and 16000. If this parameter is not present, 8000
sample rate is assumed.
rate: Indicates the sample rate of the speech. Valid values include: 8000, 11000, and 16000. If this parameter is not present, 8000 sample rate is assumed.
maxptime: The maximum amount of media which can be encapsulated in
each packet, expressed as time in milliseconds. The time shall be
calculated as the sum of the time the media present in the packet
represents. The time SHOULD be a multiple of the frame pair size
(i.e., one FP <-> 20ms).
maxptime: The maximum amount of media which can be encapsulated in each packet, expressed as time in milliseconds. The time shall be calculated as the sum of the time the media present in the packet represents. The time SHOULD be a multiple of the frame pair size (i.e., one FP <-> 20ms).
Xie Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Xie Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
If this parameter is not present, maxptime is assumed to be 80ms.
If this parameter is not present, maxptime is assumed to be 80ms.
Note, since the performance of most speech recognizers are
extremely sensitive to consecutive FP losses, if the user of the
payload format expects a high packet loss ratio for the session,
it MAY consider to explicitly choose a maxptime value for the
session that is shorter than the default value.
Note, since the performance of most speech recognizers are extremely sensitive to consecutive FP losses, if the user of the payload format expects a high packet loss ratio for the session, it MAY consider to explicitly choose a maxptime value for the session that is shorter than the default value.
ptime: see RFC2327 [RFC2327].
ptime: see RFC2327 [RFC2327].
Encoding considerations : This type is defined for transfer via RTP
[RFC3550] as described in Sections 3 and 4 of RFC 3557.
Encoding considerations : This type is defined for transfer via RTP [RFC3550] as described in Sections 3 and 4 of RFC 3557.
Security considerations : See Section 6 of RFC 3557.
Security considerations : See Section 6 of RFC 3557.
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Qiaobing.Xie@motorola.com
Person & email address to contact for further information: Qiaobing.Xie@motorola.com
Intended usage: COMMON. It is expected that many VoIP applications
(as well as mobile applications) will use this type.
Intended usage: COMMON. It is expected that many VoIP applications (as well as mobile applications) will use this type.
Author/Change controller:
Qiaobing.Xie@motorola.com
IETF Audio/Video transport working group
Author/Change controller: Qiaobing.Xie@motorola.com IETF Audio/Video transport working group
5.1 Mapping MIME Parameters into SDP
5.1 Mapping MIME Parameters into SDP
The information carried in the MIME media type specification has a specific mapping to fields in the Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC2327], which is commonly used to describe RTP sessions. When SDP is used to specify sessions employing ES 201 018 DSR codec, the mapping is as follows:
The information carried in the MIME media type specification has a specific mapping to fields in the Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC2327], which is commonly used to describe RTP sessions. When SDP is used to specify sessions employing ES 201 018 DSR codec, the mapping is as follows:
o The MIME type ("audio") goes in SDP "m=" as the media name.
o The MIME type ("audio") goes in SDP "m=" as the media name.
o The MIME subtype ("dsr-es201108") goes in SDP "a=rtpmap" as the
encoding name.
o The MIME subtype ("dsr-es201108") goes in SDP "a=rtpmap" as the encoding name.
o The optional parameter "rate" also goes in "a=rtpmap" as clock
rate.
o The optional parameter "rate" also goes in "a=rtpmap" as clock rate.
o The optional parameters "ptime" and "maxptime" go in the SDP
"a=ptime" and "a=maxptime" attributes, respectively.
o The optional parameters "ptime" and "maxptime" go in the SDP "a=ptime" and "a=maxptime" attributes, respectively.
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Xie Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
Example of usage of ES 201 108 DSR:
Example of usage of ES 201 108 DSR:
m=audio 49120 RTP/AVP 101
a=rtpmap:101 dsr-es201108/8000
a=maxptime:40
m=audio 49120 RTP/AVP 101 a=rtpmap:101 dsr-es201108/8000 a=maxptime:40
6. Security Considerations
6. Security Considerations
Implementations using the payload defined in this specification are subject to the security considerations discussed in the RTP specification [RFC3550] and the RTP profile [RFC3551]. This payload does not specify any different security services.
Implementations using the payload defined in this specification are subject to the security considerations discussed in the RTP specification [RFC3550] and the RTP profile [RFC3551]. This payload does not specify any different security services.
7. Contributors
7. Contributors
The following individuals contributed to the design of this payload format and the writing of this document: Q. Xie (Motorola), D. Pearce (Motorola), S. Balasuriya (Motorola), Y. Kim (VerbalTek), S. H. Maes (IBM), and, Hari Garudadri (Qualcomm).
The following individuals contributed to the design of this payload format and the writing of this document: Q. Xie (Motorola), D. Pearce (Motorola), S. Balasuriya (Motorola), Y. Kim (VerbalTek), S. H. Maes (IBM), and, Hari Garudadri (Qualcomm).
8. Acknowledgments
8. Acknowledgments
The design presented here benefits greatly from an earlier work on DSR RTP payload design by Jeff Meunier and Priscilla Walther. The authors also wish to thank Brian Eberman, John Lazzaro, Magnus Westerlund, Rainu Pierce, Priscilla Walther, and others for their review and valuable comments on this document.
The design presented here benefits greatly from an earlier work on DSR RTP payload design by Jeff Meunier and Priscilla Walther. The authors also wish to thank Brian Eberman, John Lazzaro, Magnus Westerlund, Rainu Pierce, Priscilla Walther, and others for their review and valuable comments on this document.
9. References
9. References
9.1 Normative References
9.1 Normative References
[ES201108] European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
Standard ES 201 108, "Speech Processing, Transmission
and Quality Aspects (STQ); Distributed Speech
Recognition; Front-end Feature Extraction Algorithm;
Compression Algorithms," Ver. 1.1.2, April 11, 2000.
[ES201108] European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Standard ES 201 108, "Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ); Distributed Speech Recognition; Front-end Feature Extraction Algorithm; Compression Algorithms," Ver. 1.1.2, April 11, 2000.
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Jacobson, V. and R.
Frederick, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", RFC 3550, July 2003.
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Jacobson, V. and R. Frederick, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 3550, July 2003.
[RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision
3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
[RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
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Xie Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
[RFC2327] Handley, M. and V. Jacobson, "SDP: Session Description
Protocol", RFC 2327, April 1998.
[RFC2327] Handley, M. and V. Jacobson, "SDP: Session Description Protocol", RFC 2327, April 1998.
9.2 Informative References
9.2 Informative References
[RFC3551] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio
and Video Conferences with Minimal Control", RFC 3551,
July 2003.
[RFC3551]SchulzrinneとH.とS.Casner、「最小量のコントロールがあるオーディオとテレビ会議システムのためのRTPプロフィール」、RFC3551、2003年7月。
[RFC2508] Casner, S. and V. Jacobson, "Compressing IP/UDP/RTP
Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links", RFC 2508, February
1999.
[RFC2508]Casner、S.、およびRFC2508、1999年2月対「低速連続のリンクへのIP/UDP/RTPヘッダーを圧縮する」ジェーコブソン
[RFC3095] Bormann, C., Burmeister, C., Degermark, M., Fukushima,
H., Hannu, H., Jonsson, L-E, Hakenberg, R., Koren, T.,
Le, K., Liu, Z., Martensson, A., Miyazaki, A., Svanbro,
K., Wiebke, T., Yoshimura, T. and H. Zheng, "RObust
Header Compression (ROHC): Framework and four profiles",
RFC 3095, July 2001.
[RFC3095] ボルマン、C.、バーマイスター、C.、デーゲルマルク、M.、福島、H.、ハンヌ、H.、イェンソン、L-E、Hakenberg、R.、コーレン、T.、Le、K.、リュウ、Z.、Martensson、A.、宮崎、A.、Svanbro、K.、Wiebke、T.、Yoshimura、T.、およびH.ツェン、「体力を要しているヘッダー圧縮(ROHC):」 「枠組みと4個のプロフィール」、RFC3095、2001年7月。
10. IPR Notices
10. IPR通知
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of claims of rights made be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.
IETFはどんな知的所有権の正当性か範囲、実現に関係すると主張されるかもしれない他の権利、本書では説明された技術の使用またはそのような権利の下におけるどんなライセンスも利用可能であるかもしれない、または利用可能でないかもしれない範囲に関しても立場を全く取りません。 どちらも、それはそれを表しません。いずれもどんなそのような権利も特定するための努力にしました。 BCP-11で標準化過程の権利と規格関連のドキュメンテーションに関するIETFの手順に関する情報を見つけることができます。 作られた権利では利用可能に作ってください。さもないと、IETF事務局からこの仕様の作成者かユーザによるそのような所有権の使用に一般的なライセンスか許可を得るのがされた試みの結果を得ることができるというクレームのコピー。
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive Director.
IETFはこの規格を練習するのに必要であるかもしれない技術をカバーするかもしれないどんな著作権もその注目していただくどんな利害関係者、特許、特許出願、または他の所有権も招待します。 IETF専務に情報を記述してください。
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シェStandardsは2003年7月にDSR ES201 108のためにRFC3557RTP有効搭載量形式を追跡します[12ページ]。
11. Authors' Addresses
11. 作者のアドレス
David Pearce Motorola Labs UK Research Laboratory Jays Close Viables Industrial Estate Basingstoke, HANTS, RG22 4PD
デヴィッドピアスモトローラ研究室イギリスの研究所JaysはViables Industrial Estateベイジングストーク、HANTS、RG22 4PDを閉じます。
Phone: +44 (0)1256 484 436 EMail: bdp003@motorola.com
以下に電話をしてください。 +44(0) 1256 484 436はメールされます: bdp003@motorola.com
Senaka Balasuriya Motorola, Inc. 600 U.S Highway 45 Libertyville, IL 60048, USA
リバティービル、Senaka Balasuriyaモトローラ600U.S Highway45イリノイ 60048、米国
Phone: +1-847-523-0440 EMail: Senaka.Balasuriya@motorola.com
以下に電話をしてください。 +1-847-523-0440 メールしてください: Senaka.Balasuriya@motorola.com
Yoon Kim VerbalTek, Inc. 2921 Copper Rd. Santa Clara, CA 95051
チョキムVerbalTek Inc.2921Copper通り サンタクララ、カリフォルニア 95051
Phone: +1-408-768-4974 EMail: yoonie@verbaltek.com
以下に電話をしてください。 +1-408-768-4974 メールしてください: yoonie@verbaltek.com
Stephane H. Maes, PhD, Oracle 500 Oracle Parkway, M/S 4op634 Redwood City, CA 94065 USA
ステファーヌH.メース、博士号、オラクル500オラクルパークウェイ、M/S4op634レッドウッドシティー、カリフォルニア94065米国
Phone: +1-650-607-6296. EMail: stephane.maes@oracle.com
以下に電話をしてください。 +1-650-607-6296. メール: stephane.maes@oracle.com
Hari Garudadri Qualcomm Inc. 5775, Morehouse Dr. San Diego, CA 92121-1714, USA
ハーリGarudadriクアルコムInc.5775、モアハウスサンディエゴ博士、カリフォルニア92121-1714(米国)
Phone: +1-858-651-6383 EMail: hgarudad@qualcomm.com
以下に電話をしてください。 +1-858-651-6383 メールしてください: hgarudad@qualcomm.com
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シェStandardsは2003年7月にDSR ES201 108のためにRFC3557RTP有効搭載量形式を追跡します[13ページ]。
12. Editor's Address
12. エディタのアドレス
Qiaobing Xie Motorola, Inc. 1501 W. Shure Drive, 2-F9 Arlington Heights, IL 60004, USA
シェモトローラ1501W.シュアーのドライブ、2-F9アーリントンハイツ、イリノイ 60004、米国をQiaobingします。
Phone: +1-847-632-3028 EMail: Qiaobing.Xie@motorola.com
以下に電話をしてください。 +1-847-632-3028 メールしてください: Qiaobing.Xie@motorola.com
Xie Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 3557 RTP Payload Format for DSR ES 201 108 July 2003
シェStandardsは2003年7月にDSR ES201 108のためにRFC3557RTP有効搭載量形式を追跡します[14ページ]。
13. Full Copyright Statement
13. 完全な著作権宣言文
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Copyright(C)インターネット協会(2003)。 All rights reserved。
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English.
それに関するこのドキュメントと翻訳は、コピーして、それが批評するか、またはそうでなければわかる他のもの、および派生している作品に提供するか、または準備されているかもしれなくて、コピーされて、発行されて、全体か一部広げられた実現を助けるかもしれません、どんな種類の制限なしでも、上の版権情報とこのパラグラフがそのようなすべてのコピーと派生している作品の上に含まれていれば。 しかしながら、このドキュメント自体は何らかの方法で変更されないかもしれません、インターネット協会か他のインターネット組織の版権情報か参照を取り除くのなどように、それを英語以外の言語に翻訳するのが著作権のための手順がインターネットStandardsの過程で定義したどのケースに従わなければならないか、必要に応じてさもなければ、インターネット標準を開発する目的に必要であるのを除いて。
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
上に承諾された限られた許容は、永久であり、インターネット協会、後継者または案配によって取り消されないでしょう。
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
このドキュメントとそして、「そのままで」という基礎とインターネットの振興発展を目的とする組織に、インターネット・エンジニアリング・タスク・フォースが速達の、または、暗示しているすべての保証を放棄するかどうかというここにことであり、他を含んでいて、含まれて、情報の使用がここに侵害しないどんな保証も少しもまっすぐになるという情報か市場性か特定目的への適合性のどんな黙示的な保証。
Acknowledgement
承認
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society.
RFC Editor機能のための基金は現在、インターネット協会によって提供されます。
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